Properties of Electricity

Principles of Electrosurgery

Bipolar Electrosurgery

Monopolar Electrosurgery

Tissue Effects Change as You Modify the Waveform

Electrosurgical Tissue Effects

Grounded Electrosurgical Systems

Isolated Electrosurgical Systems

Patient Return Electrodes

Patient Return Electrode Monitoring Technology

Adaptive Technologies

Electrosurgery Safety Concerns During MIS

Capacitive Coupling During Endoscopy

Metal Cannula System

Plastic Cannula System

Hybrid Cannula System

Recommendations to Avoid Electrosurgical Patient Complications in MIS

Coated Electrodes

Argon-Enhanced Electrosurgery

Surgical Smoke

OR Safety Precautions

Bibliography