Tissue Effects Change as You Modify the Waveform
Electrosurgical Tissue Effects
Variables Impacting Tissue Effect
Grounded Electrosurgical Systems
Isolated Electrosurgical Systems
Patient Return Electrode Monitoring Technology
Electrosurgery Safety Concerns During MIS
Capacitive Coupling During Endoscopy
Recommendations to Avoid Electrosurgical Patient Complications in MIS
Electrosurgical Tissue Effects
Fulguration
Electrosurgical fulguration (sparking with the coagulation waveform) coagulates and chars the tissue over a wide area. Because the duty cycle (on time) is only about 6%, less heat is produced. The result is the creation of a coagulum rather than cellular vaporization. In order to overcome the high impedance of air, the coagulation waveform has significantly higher voltage than the cutting current. Use of high voltage coagulation current has implications during minimally invasive surgery.